The Twilight Saga is a series of five romancefantasy films from Summit Entertainment based on the four novels by American author Stephenie Meyer. The films star Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, and Taylor Lautner. The series has grossed over $3.3 billion in worldwide receipts. The first installment, Twilight, was released on November 21, 2008.^[1] The second installment, New Moon, followed on November 20, 2009, breaking box office records as the biggest midnight screening and opening day in history, grossing an estimated $72.7 million.^[2] The third installment, Eclipse, was released on June 30, 2010,^[3] and was the first Twilight film to be released in IMAX.^[4]

The series was in development since 2004 at Paramount Pictures, during which time a screen adaptation of Twilight that differed significantly from the novel was written.^[5][6] Three years later, Summit Entertainment acquired the rights to the film. After Twilight grossed $35.7 million on its opening day,^[7] Summit Entertainment announced they would begin production on New Moon; they had acquired the rights to the remaining novels earlier that same month.^[8] A two-part adaptation of Breaking Dawn began shooting in November 2010 with release dates of November 18, 2011, and November 16, 2012, respectively.^[9][10][11]

• 4Films
• 5Soundtracks
• 6Reaction

Development[edit]

Twilight was in development for approximately three years at Paramount Pictures's MTV Films, during which time a screen adaptation differing significantly from the novel was written.^[5][6] For example, the script transformed Bella into a star athlete. Stephenie Meyer stated that there was some debate in allowing the movie to be made because of the negative or positive outcome of the movie compared to the book, 'They could have put that [earlier] movie out, called it something else, and no one would have known it was Twilight!' The idea of seeing a scene converted correctly, specifically the meadow scene, convinced Meyer to sell the rights. In seeing the script, she was frightened that she had made the wrong decision. When Summit Entertainment reinvented itself as a full-service studio in April 2007, it successfully acquired the rights to the novel. Erik Feig, President of Production at Summit Entertainment, guaranteed a close adaptation to the book.^[12] The company perceived the film as an opportunity to launch a franchise based on the success of Meyer's book and its sequels.^[13][14] Meyer felt that Summit was open to letting her be a part of the film. Catherine Hardwicke was hired to direct the film, and soon afterward, Melissa Rosenberg was selected to be the film's structural base as the writer of the film.^[15]

Rosenberg developed an outline by the end of August and collaborated with Hardwicke on writing the screenplay during the following month. 'She was a great sounding board and had all sorts of brilliant ideas.. I'd finish off scenes and send them to her, and get back her notes.'^[16] Because of the impending WGA strike, Rosenberg worked full-time to finish the screenplay before October 31.^[16] In adapting the novel for the screen, she 'had to condense a great deal.' Some characters were left out, and others were combined.^[17] '[O]ur intent all along was to stay true to the book,' Rosenberg explained, 'and it has to do less with adapting it word for word and more with making sure the characters' arcs and emotional journeys are the same.'^[18] Hardwicke suggested the use of voice over to convey the protagonist's internal dialogue,^[16] since the novel is told from Bella's point of view; and she sketched some of the storyboards during pre-production.^[19]

Meyer, the author, and Hardwicke, the director, had a close relationship while developing Twilight. Hardwicke wanted to embrace the experience and make the characters in the books come to life. She would call Meyer after changing a scene slightly, which surprised the author because, 'I've heard the stories..I know it's not normally like that when you adapt a book.' Meyer, a natural pessimist, was waiting for the worst but, instead, called her experience in the book's film adaptation 'the best I could have hoped for.'^[5][6]

Originally scheduled for release in December 2008, Twilight was moved to a worldwide release of November 21, 2008, after Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince moved from a November 2008 release to being released in July 2009.^[1]

Casting[edit]

Kristen Stewart was on the set of Adventureland when Hardwicke visited her for an informal screen test, which 'captivated' the director.^[5] Hardwicke did not initially choose Robert Pattinson for the role of Edward Cullen; but, after an audition at her home with Stewart, he was selected.^[5] Meyer allowed Pattinson to view a manuscript of the unfinished Midnight Sun, which chronicles the events in Twilight from Edward's point of view.^[20][21] Meyer was 'excited' and 'ecstatic' in response to the casting of the two main characters.^[22] She had expressed interest in having Emily Browning and Henry Cavill cast as Bella and Edward, respectively, prior to pre-production.^[23]

Peter Facinelli was not originally cast as Carlisle Cullen: '[Hardwicke] liked [him], but there was another actor that the studio was pushing for.'^[24] For unknown reasons, that actor was not able to play the part, and Facinelli was selected in his place.^[24] The choice of Ashley Greene to portray Alice Cullen was criticized by some fans because Greene is 7 inches (18 cm) taller than her character as described in the novel. Meyer said that Rachael Leigh Cook resembled her vision of Alice.^[25]Nikki Reed had previously worked with Hardwicke on the successful Thirteen (2003), which they co-wrote, and Lords of Dogtown (2005).

Kellan Lutz was in Africa, shooting the HBOminiseriesGeneration Kill, when the auditions for the character of Emmett Cullen were conducted. The role had already been cast by the time the HBO production ended in December 2007, but the selected actor 'fell through'. Lutz subsequently auditioned and was flown to Oregon, where Hardwicke personally chose him.^[26]

Rachelle Lefèvre wanted a role in the film because Hardwicke was director; she saw 'the potential to explore a character, hopefully, over three films'; and she wanted to portray a vampire.^[27] '[She] thought that vampires were basically the best metaphor for human anxiety and questions about being alive.'^[27]Christian Serratos initially auditioned for Jessica Stanley, but she 'fell totally in love with Angela' after reading the books and took advantage of a later opportunity to audition for Angela Weber.^[28] The role of Jessica Stanley went to Anna Kendrick, who got the part after two mix-and-match auditions with various actors.^[29]

Because of major physical changes that occur in the character of Jacob Black between Twilight and New Moon, director Chris Weitz considered replacing Taylor Lautner in the sequel with an actor who could more accurately portray 'the new, larger Jacob Black.'^[30] Trying to keep the role, Lautner worked out extensively and put on 30 lbs.^[31] In January 2009, Weitz and Summit Entertainment announced that Lautner would continue as Jacob in The Twilight Saga: New Moon.^[32]

Twilight author Stephenie Meyer^[6]

In late March 2009, Summit Entertainment released a list of the actors who would be portraying the 'wolf pack' alongside Lautner. The casting for the rest of the Quileute people was headed by casting director Rene Haynes, who has worked on films with large American Indian casts, such as Dances with Wolves and Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee.^[33]

In mid-2009, it was announced that Bryce Dallas Howard would be replacing Rachelle Lefevre as Victoria for the third Twilight film, The Twilight Saga: Eclipse. Summit Entertainment attributed the change to scheduling conflicts. Lefevre said she was 'stunned' and 'greatly saddened' by the decision.^[34]Jodelle Ferland was cast as the newly turned vampire, Bree.^[35] Other new cast members for the third film include Xavier Samuel as Riley,^[36]Jack Huston as Royce King II,^[37]Catalina Sandino Moreno as Maria,^[38] Julia Jones as Leah Clearwater,^[35] and BooBoo Stewart as Seth Clearwater.^[35]

Production[edit]

Principal photography for Twilight took 44 days,^[39] after more than a week of rehearsals,^[40] and completed on May 2, 2008.^[41] Similar to her directorial debut Thirteen, Hardwicke opted for an extensive use of hand-held cinematography to make the film 'feel real'.^[24][42] Meyer visited the production set three times, and was consulted on different aspects of the story;^[43] she also has a brief cameo in the film.^[44] To make their bodily movements more elegant, and to get used to their characters' fighting styles, the cast playing vampires participated in rehearsals with a dance choreographer and observed the physicality of different panthera.^[24][25][45] Instead of shooting at Forks High School itself, scenes taking place at the school were filmed at Kalama High School^[46] and Madison High School.^[47] Other scenes were also filmed in St. Helens, Oregon,^[48] and Hardwicke conducted some reshooting in Pasadena, California, in August.^[39][49]

In early November 2008, Summit announced that they had obtained the rights to the remaining books in Stephenie Meyer's Twilight series: New Moon, Eclipse, and Breaking Dawn.^[8] On November 22, 2008, one day after the theatrical release of Twilight, Summit confirmed that they would begin working on New Moon. Melissa Rosenberg had been working on adapting the novel prior to Twilight's release^[50] and handed in the draft for New Moon during Twilight's opening weekend in November 2008.^[51]

In early December 2008, it was announced that Twilight director Catherine Hardwicke would not be returning to direct the sequel. Hardwicke cited time restrictions as the reason behind her leaving the project.^[52] Instead, Chris Weitz, director of The Golden Compass and co-director of American Pie, was hired to direct The Twilight Saga: New Moon.^[53] Filming for New Moon began in Vancouver in late March 2009,^[54][55] and in Montepulciano, Italy, in late May 2009.^[56][57]

In early 2009, before the release of The Twilight Saga: New Moon, Summit confirmed that they would begin production on The Twilight Saga: Eclipse. Since Weitz would be in post-production for New Moon when The Twilight Saga: Eclipse began shooting, he would not be directing the third film.^[58][59] Instead, The Twilight Saga: Eclipse was helmed by director David Slade, with Melissa Rosenberg returning as screenwriter.^[60] Filming began on August 17, 2009 at Vancouver Film Studios^[61] and finished in late October, with post-production beginning early the following month.^[62] In April 2010, it was revealed that re-shoots of the film were needed. Slade, who previously said he would not be around for them, was seen, along with Stephenie Meyer, on set. The three main stars were also present.^[63]

Wyck Godfrey, producer of the previous films in the series, stated in mid-2009 that they had every intention to make the film version of Breaking Dawn.^[64] Following months of speculation and cast rumors,^[9][65] it was officially announced on April 28, 2010, that Academy Award winnerBill Condon, who directed Gods and Monsters and Dreamgirls, would direct Breaking Dawn; producing the film will be Wyck Godfrey, Karen Rosenfelt, and author Stephenie Meyer. 'I'm very excited to get the chance to bring the climax of this saga to life on-screen. As fans of the series know, this is a one-of-a-kind book – and we're hoping to create an equally unique cinematic experience,' said Bill Condon. A November 18, 2011 release date has been set for the first part, while the second is scheduled for release on November 16, 2012.^[11][66][67] Following that announcement, Summit officially confirmed that a two-part adaption of the fourth book would start production in the fall on June 11, 2010.^[68] With this announcement, it was made clear that all major actors, including the three lead roles, the Cullen family, and Charlie Swan, would return for both parts.^[68]Bill Condon was also confirmed to direct both parts.^[68]

In order to keep the budget on both parts of Breaking Dawn reasonable, which would be substantially greater than the previous instalments in the series, filming in Louisiana was also negotiated, providing larger tax credits for the studio to benefit from.^[10]

Films[edit]

Twilight (2008)[edit]

Twilight was directed by Catherine Hardwicke and written by Melissa Rosenberg. It focuses on the development of a personal relationship between human teenager Bella Swan (Kristen Stewart) and vampireEdward Cullen (Robert Pattinson), and the subsequent efforts of Edward and his family to keep Bella safe from a separate group of hostile vampires. Edward refuses to grant Bella's request that he would transform her into a vampire, so that they could be together forever, his argument being that she should have a normal, human life.

The film was released theatrically starting on November 21, 2008. It grossed $35.7 million on its opening day,^[69] and has come to gross US$408.9 million worldwide. The DVD was released on March 21, 2009 and grossed an additional $238 million from sales.^[70] The Blu-ray disc edition of the film was released on March 21, 2009, in select locations, but was made more widely available at further retailers on May 5, 2009, grossing over $26 million;^[71] getting to a total of over $264 million in home media sales.^[72]

The Twilight Saga: New Moon (2009)[edit]

The Twilight Saga: New Moon was directed by Chris Weitz and written by Melissa Rosenberg. The film follows the Cullens' departure from Forks, and Bella Swan's fall into a deep depression. This depression persists until Bella develops a strong friendship with Jacob Black (Taylor Lautner). She consequently discovers that Jacob has unwillingly become a werewolf. Jacob and his tribe must protect Bella from Victoria, and a gregarious herd of vampires. Edward tells Bella that he will change her into a vampire if she agrees to marry him.

The film was released theatrically starting on November 20, 2009, and set numerous records. It is currently^[when?] the biggest advance-ticket seller on Fandango^[73] and held the biggest midnight opening in domestic (United States and Canada) box office history, grossing an estimated $26.3 million.^[74] Its sequel, The Twilight Saga: Eclipse, broke that record in June 2010, grossing $72.7 million on its opening day domestically, becoming the biggest single-day opening in domestic history.^[2]New Moon is the thirteenth highest opening weekend in domestic history with $142,839,137.^[75]

The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (2010)[edit]

The Twilight Saga: Eclipse was directed by David Slade and written by Melissa Rosenberg. The film follows the human Bella Swan as she develops awareness of the complications of marrying vampire Edward Cullen. Jacob Black and the rest of the wolves form a temporary alliance with the Cullens to battle Victoria and her army of newborn vampires, in order to keep Bella safe. Jacob unsuccessfully tries to convince Bella to leave Edward and be with him instead. Edward proposes to Bella and she accepts it.

The film was released theatrically starting on June 30, 2010,^[3] and is the first Twilight film to be released in IMAX.^[4] It set a new record for biggest midnight opening in domestic (United States and Canada) in box office history, grossing an estimated $30 million in over 4,000 theaters.^[76] The previous record holder was the previous film in the series, The Twilight Saga: New Moon with $26.3 million in 3,514 theaters.^[76] The film then scored the biggest Wednesday opening in domestic history with $68,533,840 beating Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen's $62 million.^[77]The Twilight Saga: Eclipse has also become the film with the widest release ever, playing in over 4,416 theaters.^[78]

The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 (2011)[edit]

The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn was directed by Bill Condon, and author Stephenie Meyer co-produced the film along with Karen Rosenfelt and Wyck Godfrey, with Melissa Rosenberg penning the script.^[79] The book's plot was split into two films, the first of which was released on November 18, 2011. The filming of Breaking Dawn began in November 2010.

The first part follows Bella and Edward as they get married and Bella becomes pregnant. They deal with her struggle of being pregnant and nearly dying because of her half-human, half-vampire child.

The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 (2012)[edit]

The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn Part 2 was directed by Bill Condon, and author Stephenie Meyer co-produced the film along with Karen Rosenfelt and Wyck Godfrey, with Melissa Rosenberg penning the script.^[79] The book's plot was split into two films, the first of which was released on November 18, 2011.^[10][80] The second was released on November 16, 2012.^[11]

The second part of Breaking Dawn saw the climax of Bella and Edward's relationship. Bella must learn, as a newly transformed vampire, to use her special shield powers, as well as protect her half-human half-vampire daughter, Renesmee. The film also shows the final battle between The Cullens, along with vampires from the Denali Clan, and other vampire friends, as well as the wolves from the Quileute Tribe, against The Volturi.

Soundtracks[edit]

Twilight[edit]

Twilight: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was chosen by music supervisor Alexandra Patsavas.^[81] The album was released on November 4, 2008 by Patsavas' Chop Shop label, in conjunction with Atlantic Records, and debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200, having sold about 165,000 copies in its first week of release, 29% of which were digital downloads.^[82]Twilight is the best-selling theatrical movie soundtrack in the United States since Chicago (2002).^[83] 'Decode', by Paramore, was the first single released from the soundtrack. It premiered on Paramore's fan club site and Stephenie Meyer's official website on October 1, 2008.^[84][85] The song was certified Platinum in the U.S on February 16, 2010, selling over 1,000,000 copies. It was also nominated for a Grammy Award in 2010 for Best Song Written for a Movie. 'Go All the Way (Into the Twilight)', by Perry Farrell, was the second single released from the soundtrack. It premiered on Meyer's website on October 23, 2008.^[86][87]

Twilight: The Score was composed and orchestrated by Carter Burwell over a 9- to 10-week period, and was recorded and mixed in about 2 weeks in late September 2008.^[88] Burwell began the score with a 'Love Theme' for Bella and Edward's relationship, a variation of which became 'Bella's Lullaby' that Robert Pattinson plays in the film, and that is included on the Twilight Original Motion Picture Soundtrack.^[88] The original theme is featured throughout the film, and serves to 'play the romance that drives the story'.^[88] Another theme Burwell composed was a 'Predator Theme', which opens the film, and is intended to play Edward's vampire nature.^[88] Other themes include a bass-line, drum beat and distorted guitar sound for the nomadic vampires, and a melody for the Cullen family.^[88]Twilight: The Score was released digitally on November 25, 2008 and in stores on December 9.^[89][90]

The Twilight Saga: New Moon[edit]

The Twilight Saga: New Moon (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) had, once again, Alexandra Patsavas as music supervisor;^[91] while The Twilight Saga: New Moon (The Score), was composed by Alexandre Desplat.^[92] The movie's director, Chris Weitz, has a working relationship with Desplat, who scored one of his previous films, The Golden Compass (2007).^[92]The Twilight Saga: New Moon: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on October 16, 2009^[93] by Patsavas' Chop Shop label, in conjunction with Atlantic Records.^[91] The album debuted at #2 on the Billboard 200, later jumped to #1 with 153,000 copies sold. The Twilight Saga: New Moon: The Score was released on November 24, 2009.

The Twilight Saga: Eclipse[edit]

The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) had, once again, Alexandra Patsavas as music supervisor. It was released on June 8, 2010, by Patsavas' Chop Shop label, in conjunction with Atlantic Records.^[94] The lead single from the soundtrack, 'Neutron Star Collision (Love Is Forever)', performed by the British band Muse, was released on May 17, 2010.^[95] The soundtrack debuted at number two on the U.S. Billboard 200 albums chart with estimated sales of 144,000 copies.

The fim's score, The Twilight Saga: Eclipse (The Score), was composed by Howard Shore, who composed the scores for The Lord of the Rings trilogy (2001-2003).^[96]

The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1[edit]

The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1: (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) saw the release of two singles: 'A Thousand Years' by Christina Perri and 'It Will Rain' by Bruno Mars. The former reached number one and the latter of the two number three on the Billboard Hot 100.

The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2[edit]

Reaction[edit]

Box office performance[edit]

Twilight grossed over $7 million in ticket sales from midnight showings alone on November 21, 2008.^[97] It grossed $35.7 million on its opening day.^[69] For its opening weekend in the United States and Canada, Twilight accumulated $69.6 million from 3,419 theaters at an average of $20,368 per theater.^[98]

The film has made $192.7 million in the United States and Canada, and a further $200.8 million in international territories for a total of $393.6 million worldwide.^[99]

The film was released on DVD in North America on March 21, 2009 through midnight release parties, and sold over 3 million units in its first day.^[100] It has continued to sell units, totaling as of July 2012, making $201,323,629.^[70]

The Twilight Saga: New Moon set records for advance ticket sales, causing some theaters to add additional showings.^[101] The film set records as the biggest midnight opening in domestic (United States and Canada) box office history, grossing an estimated $26.3 million in 3,514 theatres, before expanding to 4,024 theaters.^[74] The record was previously held by Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, which grossed $22.2 million domestically during its midnight premiere.^[74] The film grossed $72.7 million on its opening day domestically, becoming the biggest single-day opening in domestic history, beating The Dark Knight's $67.2 million.^[2] This opening strongly contributed to another record: the first time that the top ten films at the domestic box office had a combined gross of over $100 million in a single day.^[102]

The opening weekend of The Twilight Saga: New Moon is the ninth-highest opening weekend in domestic history with $142,839,137.^[75] The film also has the sixth highest worldwide opening weekend with $274.9 million total.^[103]

Critical response[edit]

While The Twilight Saga has been successful at the box office, critical reception of the films was mixed.

New York Press critic Armond White called Twilight 'a genuine pop classic',^[110] and praised Hardwicke for turning 'Meyer's book series into a Brontë-esque vision'.^[111]USA Today gave the film two out of four stars and Claudia Puig wrote: 'Meyer is said to have been involved in the production of Twilight, but her novel was substantially more absorbing than the unintentionally funny and quickly forgettable film.'^[112]

Robert Ignizio of the Cleveland Scene described The Twilight Saga: New Moon as an 'entertaining fantasy', and noted that it 'has a stronger visual look [than Twilight] and does a better job with its action scenes while still keeping the focus on the central love triangle.'^[113] Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film two and half stars out of four, praised Kristen Stewart's performance in the film and wrote: 'Despite melodrama that, at times, is enough to induce diabetes, there's enough wolf whistle in this sexy, scary romp to please anyone.'^[114] The Seattle Post-Intelligencer gave the film a 'B' grading and said, 'the movie looks tremendous, the dialogue works, there are numerous well placed jokes, the acting is on point.'^[115] Mick LaSalle from the San Francisco Chronicle responded with a more mixed review, stating, '[E]xpect this film to satisfy its fans. Everybody else, get ready for a bizarre soap opera/pageant, consisting of a succession of static scenes with characters loping into the frame to announce exactly what they're thinking.'^[116]Roger Ebert gave the film 1 star out of 4 and said that it 'takes the tepid achievement of Twilight, guts it, and leaves it for undead.'^[117] The release of the movie has also inspired feminist criticism, with Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly making light of the claim that Edward Cullen is little better than a stalker.^[118] In any case, the influx of female viewers into the theaters indicates the increasing importance of the female demographic in dictating Hollywood's tastes.^[119]

The Hollywood Reporter posted a positive review of The Twilight Saga: Eclipse, saying the film 'nails it'.^[120]Variety reports that the film 'finally feels more like the blockbuster this top-earning franchise deserves'.^[121] One review stated the film was the best in The Twilight Saga so far, acknowledging that, 'The person who should be worried is Bill Condon, the director tapped for the two-part finale, Breaking Dawn. He's got a real challenge to make movies as good as Eclipse.'^[122]A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised David Slade's ability to make an entertaining film, calling it funny and better than its predecessors, but pointed out the acting hasn't improved much.^[123]

A more negative review said that while 'Eclipse restores some of the energy New Moon zapped out of the franchise and has enough quality performances to keep it involving', the film 'isn't quite the adrenaline-charged game-changer for love story haters that its marketing might lead you to believe. The majority of the 'action' remains protracted and not especially scintillating should-we-or-shouldn't-we conversations between the central triangle.'^[124] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times gave the film a more positive review than for the first two films in the saga, but still felt the movie was a constant, unclever conversation between the three main characters. He criticized the 'gazes' both Edward and Jacob give Bella throughout the movie, and noted that the mountain range that appears in the film looks 'like landscapes painted by that guy on TV who shows you how to paint stuff like that.' He also predicted that a lack of understanding for the film series in general would not bode well with the audience, stating, 'I doubt anyone not intimately familiar with the earlier installments could make head or tails of the opening scenes.' He gave the film 2 stars out of 4.^[125]

Breaking Dawn – Part 1 received mostly negative reviews from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 24% of critics (of the 195 counted reviews) gave the film a positive review, and the site's consensus reads 'Slow, joyless and loaded with unintentionally humorous moments, Breaking Dawn Part 1 may satisfy the Twilight faithful, but it's strictly for fans of the franchise'.^[126]Part 2 had a mixed critical reception but was much more favorable than Part 1.^[127] Bruce Diones of New Yorkers gave the film a positive review, citing 'A feast of ripe dialogue and bloodsucking action'.^{[citation needed]} Richard Roeper said that 'The fifth and final entry in the historically successful Twilight franchise is the most self-aware and in some ways the most entertaining', giving it a grade C+^[128]

Home media sales[edit]

List indicator(s)

• ^(B) indicates the yearly rank based on the number of DVDs sold during the year released (calculated by The Numbers).

Twilight in popular culture[edit]

The 2010 Portuguese teen series Lua Vermelha (Red Moon) had a similar premise of vampire romance but differed in the story. A parody film released that same year titled, Vampires Suck spoofed the film series. A television show within the canon of Canadian teen vampire film My Babysitter's a Vampire and the television series sequel called Dusk is a parody of Twilight.

The 2012 film Breaking Wind (parodying the title of Breaking Dawn, but parodying the whole film series), directed by Craig Moss (best known for The 41-Year-Old Virgin Who Knocked Up Sarah Marshall and Felt Superbad About It), is also a spoof of the films and a parody version of Breaking Dawn Part – 1.^[148] The animated movie Hotel Transylvania was released the same year, and has a scene inspired by Twilight.^[149][150]

The 2013 Filipino comedysitcom entitled My Daddy is a Vampire resembled some Twilight scenes.^[151]

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

• The Twilight Saga on Facebook

The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 (commonly referred to as Breaking Dawn: Part 1) is a 2011 American romanticfantasy film directed by Bill Condon, based on the novel Breaking Dawn by Stephenie Meyer. Constituting the first of a two-part adaptation of the novel, the film is the fourth and penultimate installment in The Twilight Saga film series, and was followed by Breaking Dawn: Part 2 in 2012. All three main cast members, Kristen Stewart, Robert Pattinson, and Taylor Lautner, reprised their roles.

Wyck Godfrey and Karen Rosenfelt served as producers of the film, along with the author of the series, Stephenie Meyer; the screenplay was written by Melissa Rosenberg, the screenwriter of the first three entries.^[3] It was released in theaters on November 18, 2011,^[4] and released to DVD on February 11, 2012, in the United States.^[5] Although negatively reviewed by critics, the film was commercially successful, grossing over $712 million worldwide.

• 3Production
• 4Marketing
  • 4.2Leaks
• 6Reception
  • 6.1Box office

Plot[edit]

Bella Swan is preparing for her wedding. During the reception, Jacob Black, who had angrily left town upon receiving an invitation to Bella and Edward Cullen's wedding, returns. While dancing with Jacob in the woods, away from everyone else, Bella admits that she and Edward plan to consummate their marriage on their honeymoon while she is still human. Jake becomes furious, knowing that such an act could kill her. Sam and other pack members restrain Jacob before he phases.

After the wedding, the couple spends their honeymoon on Isle Esme, and they make love for the first time. The next morning, Edward realizes that Bella has numerous bruises and is upset at himself for hurting her, though Bella insists that she enjoyed the experience. Edward swears not to make love again until she becomes a vampire. Two weeks after the wedding, Bella notices her period is late. Alice and Carlisle call Bella asking if she is alright. She replied that she is not completely sure and tells them the news about her pregnancy. Edward, worried, predicts that Bella will not survive the pregnancy. He tells her that Carlisle should remove the baby. She refuses, as she wants to keep her child, and convinces Edward's sister, Rosalie, to act as her bodyguard. They fly back home to Forks, Washington. Though Bella has only been pregnant for two weeks, the baby grows very fast.

Jacob rushes over to the Cullens' house. Bella, now heavily pregnant, is pale and underweight. Jacob, upset, says that they should abort it as soon as possible. Bella says that it is her choice. As her pregnancy progresses, the quality of her health declines, then, as she starts drinking human blood to satisfy the baby's vampiric thirst, improves rapidly. Edward comes to love the baby and manages to read its thoughts, learning that his child loves Bella and Edward's voice.

Bella is sharing her baby names with Edward and Jacob when her backbone suddenly breaks and she collapses. They realize that Bella cannot cope with the pregnancy and the baby is suffocating, so they begin to perform a cesarean section on her. Rosalie starts the procedure, as Carlisle is out getting blood, but due to her hunger, the blood on the blade tempts her greatly. Jacob stops her as Edward picks up the blade and finishes the procedure. Bella, in agony, goes unconscious. After the surgery, Bella wakes up and sees her newborn daughter, and chooses Renesmee as the baby's name, before slowly dying. Jacob and Edward do everything they can to revive her, but nothing works. To save her life, Edward injects Bella's heart with his venom to transform her into a vampire, before biting her neck, arms, and legs. Their attempts appear to fail. Jacob then runs outside of the house to sit and cry. Seth and Leah appear and realize that Bella will not survive and tell the pack. Distraught, Jacob goes back inside and attempts to kill Renesmee, but when they look into each other's eyes, he sees all the future versions of her and decides not to kill her, imprinting her instead.

When the werewolves learn of Bella's 'death', they attack the Cullens' house in an attempt to kill the baby, fearing it would become too great of a threat. Edward, Alice, and Jasper, defend their home with the help of Leah and Seth, and are later assisted by Carlisle, Esme, and Emmett. Jacob then runs outside to stop the fight and phases into his wolf form. Jacob and Sam shortly communicate with each other telepathically. Edward reads Jacob's mind, announcing that Jacob has imprinted on Renesmee, and since the wolves' most absolute law is not to harm anyone who has been imprinted on, they are forced to leave.

Bella is cleaned and dressed. Edward's venom begins to work in her body; her bite marks heal, her broken back and chest repair, and her figure returns to normal. When her eyes open, they are colored blood-red.

In a post-credits scene, Aro and his brothers, Marcus and Caius, receive a letter from Carlisle announcing that the Cullens have a new member of the family. Aro informs his brothers that his feud with the Cullens is not yet over, as they have something he wants.

Cast[edit]

• Kristen Stewart as Bella Swan, Edward's wife and Jacob's best friend. She marries Edward in this installment and realizes that she has become pregnant with a half-vampire, half-human baby and that her condition is progressing at an unnaturally accelerated rate.
• Robert Pattinson as Edward Cullen, Bella's husband and Jacob's romantic rival. Convinced that the fetus is going to kill Bella, he urges her to abort the pregnancy, but Bella refuses. In the meantime, he and the entire Cullen coven must also fend off Sam and his pack of wolves who believe that their treaty is broken and are on their way to kill Bella and the unborn baby.
• Taylor Lautner as Jacob Black, Bella's best friend and Edward's romantic rival. He was heartbroken over Bella's choice to marry Edward, but he imprints on Bella and Edward's daughter, Renesmee. He is also the great-grandson of a Chief, and the Alpha of the Black Pack.
• Peter Facinelli as Carlisle Cullen, Esme's husband and the patriarch of the Cullen family. He is a doctor and helps Bella during her unnaturally accelerated pregnancy and provides human blood for Bella to drink to maintain her strength.
• Elizabeth Reaser as Esme Cullen, Carlisle's wife and the matriarch of the Cullen family.
• Ashley Greene as Alice Cullen, a member of the Cullen family who can see 'subjective' visions of the future and who is close friends with Bella. She is Jasper's wife.
• Kellan Lutz as Emmett Cullen, the strongest member of the Cullen family. He is Rosalie's husband.
• Nikki Reed as Rosalie Hale, a member of the Cullen family who helps Bella through her pregnancy.
• Jackson Rathbone as Jasper Hale, a member of the Cullen coven who can feel, control and manipulate emotions. He is Alice's husband.
• Billy Burke as Charlie Swan, the Chief of the Forks Police Department, and Bella's father.
• Sarah Clarke as Renée Dwyer, Bella's mother, who remarried to Phil Dwyer.
• Julia Jones as Leah Clearwater, Seth's older sister and the only female werewolf in existence.
• Booboo Stewart as Seth Clearwater, Leah's younger brother and Edward and Jacob's friend.
• MyAnna Buring as Tanya, the leader of the Denali coven.
• Maggie Grace as Irina, a member of the Denali coven whose lover, Laurent, was killed by the werewolves.
• Casey LaBow as Kate, a member of the Denali coven who has the ability to release an electric current over her body.
• Michael Sheen as Aro, Caius and Marcus's brother who has the ability to read every thought a person has ever had once he has made physical contact. One of the three main founders of the Volturi.
• Jamie Campbell Bower as Caius, Aro and Marcus's brother. One of the three main founders of the Volturi.
• Christopher Heyerdahl as Marcus, Aro and Caius's brother who has the power to sense the strength and nature of relationships. One of the three main founders of the Volturi.
• Chaske Spencer as Sam Uley, the Alpha of the main werewolf pack.
• Mackenzie Foy as Renesmee Cullen, Bella and Edward's half-mortal, half-immortal daughter and Jacob Blacks Imprintee.
• Christian Camargo as Eleazar, a member of the Denali coven who has the ability to identify the special powers of other vampires.
• Mía Maestro as Carmen, a member of the Denali coven and mate of Eleazar.
• Olga Fonda as Valentina, a secretary to the Volturi who announces Edward and Bella's wedding. Fonda's scenes were cut in the theatrical release, but they were restored in the extended edition.
• Stephenie Meyer makes a cameo as an attendee of Edward and Bella's wedding.

Production[edit]

Development[edit]

Talks for a Breaking Dawn film started after Summit Entertainment approved the second and third adaptations of the franchise, and scheduled the two films to be released six months apart.^[6]Wyck Godfrey, producer of the previous films in the series, stated in mid-2009 that they had every intention to make the film version of Breaking Dawn,^[7] but Stephenie Meyer, author of the series, explained on her website's Breaking Dawn FAQ that if an adaptation were to be created, it would have to be split into two films because 'The book is just so long!', saying that she would have made the book shorter if it were possible.^[8] She also believed it to be impossible to make a film due to Renesmee, writing that an actress could not play her because she is a baby that has complete awareness, 'The one thing that I've never seen is a CGI human being who truly looks real'; however, she did acknowledge the film might be possible due to the quickly-advancing technologies.^[8] Moreover, because of the mature and explicit nature of the Breaking Dawn book, fans and critics questioned if the studio would be able to keep a PG-13 rating, noting that the movie should not be rated R for the ever-growing fan base.^[9] In March 2010, Variety reported that Summit Entertainment was considering splitting the 754-page book into two films, along the same lines as Warner Bros.' Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.^[10] Since under contract for only four films, the status of Stewart's, Pattinson's, and Lautner's contracts were in question, making the possibility of a split unlikely.^[10] Producer Wyck Godfrey stated that all three main cast members were signed onto one Breaking Dawn film.^[3]

In March 2010, it was announced that Summit was searching for Academy Award-nominated directors to helm the project, with names like Sofia Coppola, Gus Van Sant, and Bill Condon rumored to have been approached to direct.^[11] On April 28, 2010, Summit announced that Bill Condon, who directed Dreamgirls, would direct Breaking Dawn; Wyck Godfrey, Karen Rosenfelt, and author Stephenie Meyer would be producing the film. 'I'm very excited to get the chance to bring the climax of this saga to life on-screen. As fans of the series know, this is a one-of-a-kind book—and we're hoping to create an equally unique cinematic experience', said Bill Condon.^[12] Condon spoke about Summit approaching him saying, 'The very nice folks at Summit… they sent me the novel. I loved it. I quickly imprinted on the material'.^[13] Another reason Condon cited was the desire to collaborate with Stewart.^[14] Gus Van Sant later explained that Robert Pattinson mentioning him as the ideal director for Breaking Dawn was what made him audition for the job and described the audition as 'very nerve-wracking'. However, after Condon was hired, Sant suggested that the reason behind not getting hired was his style and way of auditioning being different from what the executive producers were used to.^[15]

In June, Summit officially confirmed that a two-part adaptation of the fourth book would start filming in November.^[16][17] The first part was released on November 18, 2011, and the second part's release date is set for November 16, 2012.^[18]

The Twilight Saga also helped motivate Rosenberg into launching a female-centric production company, Tall Girls Productions: 'The charter of it, if there is one, would be to create some strong roles for women… the female Batman, the female Tony Soprano.' She explained that, despite the fact of the many hours of hard work ahead of her, it is what she wants to do.^[19]

After confirming one film, Summit had been keeping their eye on a fifth installment.^[4] In May 2010, Billy Burke and Peter Facinelli were the only cast actors who were confirmed for both parts of Breaking Dawn, while other cast members such as Ashley Greene and Kellan Lutz were still in negotiations for a second part. If the actors holding Summit back from making an official announcement did not reach an agreement with them, the studio would not have minded recasting their roles, as was done in The Twilight Saga: Eclipse with Bryce Dallas Howard's character, Victoria.^[4] However, in June 2010, Summit officially confirmed that a two-part adaptation of the fourth book would start production and it was made clear that all major actors, including the three lead roles, the Cullen family, and Charlie Swan, would return for both parts. Actresses Christie Burke, Rachel St. Gelais, Sierra Pitkin, and Eliza Faria play Renesmee at her various ages in the film.^[20]

Pre-production[edit]

Since the first film was released, fans and critics speculated whether Breaking Dawn would be adapted into a film considering the adult nature of the book. In March 2010, Rosenberg spoke about adapting the book saying, 'It's the big one, it's gonna be a big challenge, and I guarantee you that not all of the fans will be happy, and I guarantee you some of them will be. You have to give up the ideal of making everybody happy, it's just not gonna happen, but you hope you make the majority happy. Again, for that last book it is about taking that specific character Bella on her journey. It's a big journey, it's a massive change for her, and you hope to realize that.'^[21] One of the scenes that aroused the speculations that the film would be rated R is the infamous graphic birth scene in the novel. In August, Rosenberg addressed such speculations saying, 'On the fan site, on Facebook, all the comments are 'It has to be R rated! You have to show the childbirth! Gore and guts and sex!' For me it's actually more interesting to not see it. You know, you can do childbirth without seeing childbirth … it doesn't mean it's any less evocative of an experience.'^[22] Producer Wyck Godfrey addressed those speculations further saying, 'it would be a crime against our audience to go R-rated' as the core fans of the series are below 18 years old, but insisted that the film is based on a mature book, so more progress and sophistication are needed.^[23] To compromise the necessary sophistication in adapting such a mature book and the need for maintaining a PG-13 rating, Rosenberg stated that the scene would be shown from Bella's point of view.^[24] Godfrey described it saying, 'She is looking through the haze, experiencing pain and everything rushing around her. We only see what she sees'.^[23]

Melissa Rosenberg, writer of The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn, about adapting the book to film^[21]

In June, Rosenberg stated in an interview that the decision on where to split the film had not been decided, as she was still in the drafting stage of the scripts.^[19] 'I think it comes down to Bella as human and Bella as vampire', she said, hinting at a potential splitting point. She thought that Condon would probably disagree with the statement, explaining that the decision is ultimately up to him.^[19] Later in January 2011, Godfrey confirmed that the Part 1 will cover the wedding, honeymoon, pregnancy and birth and ends just before her transformation into a vampire as the filmmakers wanted to 'take the audience through the emotional part of Bella's journey as she becomes a vampire'. Part 2 will follow her transformation, the 'first exhilarating moments' of her vampire life^[25] and the final confrontation with the Volturi. Godfrey also confirmed that Part 1 will follow the book's storyline as it breaks away from Bella and switches into Jacob's perspective. 'There is a sense that as Bella and the Cullens (Edward's makeshift vampire clan) deal with her pregnancy, the world is still turning outside with Jacob', he explains.^[23] However, in March 2011, Meyer said in interview with USA Today that Part 1 will end when Bella opens her eyes as a vampire.^[25]

By August, Rosenberg said that the scripts for Part 1 and 2 were 75 to 85 percent completed. She found the greatest challenge in writing the scripts to be the final sequence of Part 2: 'The final battle sequence is a big challenge because it lasts 25 pages', she said. 'It's almost an entire three-act story in and of itself. You have to track [keep it all in one setting] hundreds of characters. It's an enormous challenge to choreograph on the page and for Bill [Condon] to choreograph on the stage.' She had written various drafts of the scene but, at that, hadn't revised or discussed them with Condon yet. She said, 'That's the next big hurdle to sit down with the stunt coordinator and create the ballet. It's a lot of work. I'm exhausted, but we're intent on making them the best scripts yet.' Godfrey called Part 2 'an action film in terms of life-and-death stakes' and said that in Part 1 'there are the pangs of newlywed tension that occur that are relatable even in a fantasy film. Marriage is not quite the experience that they thought it was.' Condon thought of Part 1 'as a real companion piece to Catherine Hardwicke's movie'. Condon explains, 'Like, everything that got set up there gets resolved here. I think you'll find that there are stylistic and other nods to that film.'

Godfrey considered releasing the second film in 3D to differentiate between the time before and after Bella becomes a vampire,^[17] an idea originally proposed for Eclipse, but said that the decision is up to Condon. However, he said that if the second film were to be released in 3D, he would like to shoot it with the proper equipment in 'real' 3D as was done with Avatar (2009), not convert it into 3D in post-production as was done with Clash of the Titans (2010).^[26]

Filming[edit]

In order to keep the budget on both parts of Breaking Dawn reasonable, even though it is substantially greater than the previous installments in the series, much of the film was shot in and around Baton Rouge, Louisiana and Celtic Studios in Baton Rouge. Shooting in Louisiana provided larger tax credits, which a small studio like Summit Entertainment would find favorable.^[4] Summit announced in a press release on July 9, 2010, that filming was to take place in Baton Rouge, Ucluelet, and Vancouver, with the wedding being shot in Squamish.^[27] (Also shot in near by Pemberton, British Columbia.^[28]) Both parts will be shot back-to-back as one project.^[17] The film will attempt to keep its PG-13 rating, and it will not feature any of the gruesome scenes from the novel^[29][30] with Kristen Stewart confirming that the birth scene wasn't as grotesque as described in the book and that she didn't 'puke up blood', though director Bill Condon said that they shot everything as 'powerful and potent as they could'. Though there were many reports of the cast in Whistler, British Columbia, none of the actual filming took place in Whistler itself, but to the north and south of the town in nearby Pemberton (north) & Squamish (south). The Stars were housed in Whistler at 4 and 5 star hotels, the crew in Squamish & Pemberton.^[28][31]

Filming officially began on November 1, 2010 in Brazil, with locations in Rio de Janeiro and Paraty, Rio de Janeiro.^[32] The first scenes were shot in the Lapa District in Rio de Janeiro for one night. A long city block was rented for shooting, and Summit Entertainment paid residents 50 to 500 reais (30 to 300 U.S. dollars) to not allow paparazzi or fans to overlook filming from their windows. Moreover, owners of bars and restaurants were paid 10,000 and 20,000 reais (6,000 to 12,000 U.S. dollars) to stay closed for the evening to eliminate noise and provide a clear street.^[33]

Shooting then moved to Paraty, Rio de Janeiro where the honeymoon scenes were shot. According to Paraty's Tourism Office, filming took place in the Taquari area, near an unidentified waterfall and at Mamangua Bay where a mansion is located.^[34] It rained on every day of shooting.^[13] In late November, shooting moved to Baton Rouge, Louisiana where most of the indoor scenes were shot on a sound stage^[13] and in a house. Stewart had to wear heavy make-up to look thin and ghastly to show Bella through a phase of pregnancy where the baby starts breaking her bones.^[35] The birth scene took two nights to shoot^[13] after the cast had a long conversation with Meyer, a midwife and a doctor to discuss the mechanics of the scene,^[36] particularly to decide the area where Edward should place his mouth to bite into Bella's placenta if this situation could ever occur in real life.^[35] An animatronic baby was used to film a few scenes of newborn Rensemee.^[37] The cast and crew spent two months of the filming process shooting in a green-screen room on fake snow. Reportedly, a few scenes were also shot in Arsenal Park using green screens.^[38]

In late February and early March, filming of most of the exterior shots, along with Bella's vampire scenes, occurred in Canada.^[13] The film's first shooting location in Canada was Vancouver. However, the cast and crew were evacuated from the set due to the tsunami advisories resulting from the 9.0-magnitude earthquake that hit Japan on March 11, 2011.^[39] Toni Atterbury, a spokeswoman for the film, said that 'the crew was moved to higher ground' as a safety precaution and 'the shoot was delayed for a few hours, but the day's work was accomplished'.^[40] Therefore, filming relocated to Squamish, British Columbia, but a few scenes were shot in the Orpheum theater in Vancouver with the Vancouver police covering all the entrances of the theater.^[41]

The wedding scene in Part 1 was the last scene the cast and crew shot.^[36] It was also shot under tight security. A helicopter hovered above the set, off-duty police officers surrounded the location, and sheets and umbrellas were used to protect the set from aerial shots being taken.^[42] Stewart spoke about the wedding at Comic-Con, describing it as 'insane'. She went on to say that it was 'secret service style. The crew was incredibly inconvenienced. No cell phone, etc. They wanted to keep the dress secret.'^[13] Concerning the wedding dress, Stewart was locked in a room wearing a Volturi cloak to cover the dress.^[13]

Stewart further talked about filming the scene, saying 'I wanted to run down the aisle. I was literally pulling away from Billy Burke. Now it's a trip to watch the wedding scenes. It was so volatile and emotional—I was being such a crazy person.'^[36] Condon spoke about it saying, 'The last scene we filmed was the dance scene between Jacob and Bella at the wedding. The last shot is Jacob leaving. I called 'Cut!' and then Kristen yelled, 'Jacob!' and hiked her dress up and started running after him into the woods, saying, 'Come back! Don't leave!'^[36]

Filming wrapped—for most of the cast—on April 15, 2011, ending the franchise's three years of production since March 2008.^{[citation needed]} However, on April 22, what is believed to be additional scenes that will fit into the honeymoon sequence were filmed on Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands in the Caribbean,^[43] which was officially the last day of shooting.^[43] The crew, Stewart and Pattinson were shooting in the sea all day long, then went out for cocktails on the beach and watched the sunrise.^[43] On the subject of the final day and her final moment as Bella, Stewart stated, 'After that scene, my true final scene, I felt like I could shoot up into the night sky and every pore of my body would shoot light. I felt lighter than I've ever felt in my life.'^[44] Pattinson thought the day was 'amazing'^[43] and commented, 'I then asked myself why we didn't do this in those four years. Every difficult moment just vanished.'

Costume design[edit]

In October 2010, it was announced that Michael Wilkinson would be the film's costume designer.^[45] However, Bella's wedding dress was designed by someone other than Wilkinson. Meyer's description of the dress was 'a simpler style than the frillier Edwardian stuff. …Elegant white satin, cut on the bias, with long sleeves.'^[46] At first, Zac Posen was rumored to be the designer of Bella's wedding dress; however, these rumors proved false when Posen tweeted: 'Heard the Bella/Twilight rumor and it's just that. I design for real women like Kristen Stewart and Anna Kendrick'.^[47] In April 2011, Summit announced that Carolina Herrera is the designer of the dress.^[48] Stewart described the dress as very tight, but still liked it and thought that 'it was very pretty'.^[49] Meyer told USA Today that the dress was 'an interesting mix' and has a 'vintage feel, but at the same time, there's an edge to it'.^[25]

Concerning Alice's bridesmaid dress, its designer remains unknown, however it was presumably designed by Wilkinson. Ashley Greene described the dress as 'magical and beautiful' and spoke about the design process, saying, 'We wanted to have all the bridesmaids fit together and also have their own identity. So, we took a little bit of Alice's past and put it into her dress.'^[50] Corsets were added to all the cast's wedding dresses, but were removed during filming because the cast felt uncomfortable wearing them while dancing.^[50]

Alfred Angelo has been named the exclusive and official licensed manufacturer of Bella's bridal gown. The gown will be a replica of Bella's wedding dress and marketed under the brand Twilight Bridal by Alfred Angelo. It will be revealed in late November 2011, following the release of Part 1, and will be available in Alfred Angelo Signature Stores and independent retailers worldwide.^[51]

Post-production[edit]

In October 2010, Condon announced that Oscar-winning visual effects supervisor John Bruno, along with his team, would helm the visual effects for Breaking Dawn, including the effects necessary to show Renesmee in her various stages of life in Part 2.^[45] Later in February, Adam Howard was added to the Breaking Dawn visual effects team to help create the visual effects for Renesmee, due to his notable work on a similar issue in The Social Network.^[52] Condon revealed that Mackenzie Foy's face and expressions will be placed digitally on the bodies of the other actresses playing the same character through her various stages of life.^[53] Condon spoke about the process saying, 'Sometimes it was hard because the other actresses were actually just there. It was always going to be just Mackenzie's expressions and things like that, so it was a very specific technical thing that even I was learning as we did it. But I have to say, they were real troopers these girls.'^[53] Furthermore, special effects were also used to illustrate the invisible powers and forces between the vampires in the final battle sequence of Part 2.^[14]

Montreal-based Modus FX created subtle CG effects for Part 1. It created stylized effects to emphasize the supernatural capabilities of the main characters without making them too obvious or noticeable.^[54] A team of 12 artists spent six weeks working on the film. Shots included creating the belly of a pregnant Bella, removing a wrist brace Stewart was wearing in the wedding scene due to an injury, and a variety of subtle cosmetic refinements. Bella's pregnancy was a challenge for Modus; the production team wanted the baby to kick and move around inside her belly, so the artists and cinematographer had to match the camera moves, the lighting, even the film grain, along with the subtleties of Stewart's skin.^[54] On the subject, CG supervisor Martin Pelletier said,

For this project, we had to be really quick in terms of turn around. We made use of very complex lighting from the set, adding 3D layers, and a matchmove of her stomach, to make her look pregnant. We took our time at the start to get the recipe right and that paid off in efficiency once we got going. We were soon able to turn around several shots each day.^[54]

During the wedding scene, the camera pans around Pattinson and Stewart. Due to a minor wrist injury Stewart had, she was wearing a brace on the day of the shoot. Therefore, Modus was required to create a CG model of the hand and then carefully craft a rig to create natural motions. Once that was finished, every minute movement of the hand had to be matched exactly.^[54] The rotational panning shot totals 300 frames and called for elaborate camera and object tracking. Modus used subsurface scattering to accurately capture the partial translucence of her skin to make it look more authentic. Pelletier explained that 'tracking was particularly challenging, because when they were shooting it, they weren't thinking about it as an effects shot. There was no camera metadata for the sequence.' The solution was to do a series of careful manual adjustments until the light sources were correctly replicated on the set.^[54]

In July, Condon said that the first cut of Part 1 would be finished in a few weeks, but the visual effects were still in development.^[14] Godfrey later stated that they were 'very close to locking picture on part one', and that its running time is equal to Twilight, New Moon and Eclipse, therefore approximately two hours.^[14] A few weeks later, Godfrey announced that he had seen numerous cuts of the film and called it 'incredibly powerful already. …It definitely captures what the book captures.' Concerning the subject of the MPAA rating, Godfrey said that the studio does not 'have any word yet on the rating', but insisted that it is going to be rated PG-13.^[14] Condon discussed the matter further saying, 'I think it's a good challenge because the thing that makes something R is literally showing it and if you give yourself that rule: I'm not gonna show, it's not going to be frontal nudity, no one wants that', and added, 'we're not going to, again, show splattering blood against the walls but it's gonna be very visceral. It actually becomes a fun challenge to make sure you feel like you have the same experience without having to watch something clinical. I think it makes it better.'^[53]

Music[edit]

On January 14, 2011, it was announced that Carter Burwell, composer of the first film in the series, will be returning to score both parts of the final installment.^[55] The score of Part 1 was recorded in Abbey Road Studios, London in early September. Alexandre Desplat and Howard Shore, the composers of New Moon and Eclipse, respectively, happened to be in London at the time of the recording session and stopped by to visit Burwell.^[56]

The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn: Part 1: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on November 8, 2011.^[57] In July, Condon said that they are still under negotiations for the soundtrack and have 15 songs to choose from, but no deals have been signed with any artists. He also hinted that there's a good chance that the cast's musically-inclined members would feature on the soundtrack, which leaves chance to Robert Pattinson, Jackson Rathbone, Booboo Stewart, and Jamie Campbell Bower. American rock band Evanescence expressed interest in landing a song on the Breaking Dawn soundtrack. Will Hunt, the drummer of the band, said, 'I've been screaming for [new song] 'My Heart Is Broken' to land in that, because I think it would fit the story so well.' The lead singer of the band, Amy Lee, agreed, adding, 'I think that would be awesome, actually.' Also notable is the fact that the band had attempted to land songs on the soundtrack of Twilight, but Summit did not approve of the songs they presented.^[58] This is the first soundtrack not to feature a song from the band Muse.

On September 22, 2011, it was confirmed that the lead single of the soundtrack is a song by American pop singer Bruno Mars called 'It Will Rain' to be released exclusively on iTunes on September 27.^[59]

Marketing[edit]

Promotion[edit]

The teaser poster of Breaking Dawn was released on May 24.^[60] After giving fans a sneak peek on June 2, MTV released the first official teaser trailer on June 5, the night of the MTV Movie Awards. It was released online shortly before the awards show began and then made its television debut during the broadcast.^[61]

On July 21, Summit held a sold-out Comic-Con panel in Hall H, which held 6,500 fans, promoting Part 1. Condon, Stewart, Pattinson and Lautner attended the panel and answered the fans' questions along with showing them exclusive clips from the film. Cast members arrived early in the morning and signed autographs and posters for the midnight-camping fans and Summit booths offered them Breaking Dawn: Part 1 character trading cards.^[62]

Breaking Dawn: Part 1 footage was screened in Empire Movie Con in the UK on August 13.^[63] In addition, Alfred Angelo will host a private screening of Part 1 for forty-nine selected fans on November 15 and another screening for twenty friends two days later via sweepstakes.^[64]

Leaks[edit]

When the filming started on November 7, 2010 in the Lapa District and Paraty, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, leaked set photos and footage videos surfaced online.^[65]Summit Entertainment responded to the leaks by removing the photos and videos from YouTube, fansites and gossip websites. On January 13, 2011, scans of a still of Kristen Stewart and Robert Pattinson in one of their honeymoon scenes in an Entertainment Weekly article ran online, prior to the magazine's official release of the still.^[66] On March 31 and April 1, 2011, a mass leak of a 14-second video and numerous low-quality stills hit the Internet resulting to enthusiastic fan reaction and speculations that the film wouldn't be able to maintain a PG-13 rating.^[67]Summit Entertainment released an official statement in response to the leaks saying:

As some of you may know, pictures and screen grabs of The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn as a work in progress have leaked on the internet. We are extremely proud of this film and also extremely heartbroken to see it out there at this stage. The film and these images are not yet ready or in their proper context. They were illegally obtained and their early dissemination is deeply upsetting to the actors, the filmmakers and Summit who are working so hard to bring these movies to fruition to you in November 2011 and November 2012.

Please, for those who are posting, stop. And please, though the temptation is high, don't view or pass on these images. Wait for the film in its beautiful, finished entirety to thrill you.

Sincerely,

Stephenie Meyer, Bill Condon, Wyck Godfrey and Summit Entertainment.^[68]

Additionally, the first teaser trailer leaked online hours before its debut at the MTV Movie Awards.^[69]

Lawsuit[edit]

On August 1, 2011, Summit released a press release announcing the identification of some of the alleged people responsible for the leak of images and video from Breaking Dawn on March 31 and April 1 and the decision to take legal action. Summit claimed that the leak came from Posadas, Argentina, but due to the possibility that other people might be involved in the leak, the investigation is still ongoing. The only person Summit named was a woman called Daiana Santia, resident in Posadas, allegedly being involved in the group that stole the images and footage.^[70] Civil action has been filed in the U.S. and Argentina, while criminal action has also been filed in Argentina.^[70] Summit hired law firm Keats McFarland & Wilson LLP to search four continents, North America, South America, Europe and Australia, to find the other people behind the leak.^[70]

On the other hand, Santia hosted a press conference in her town and denied Summit's claims. She claimed that she only saw the images 'while surfing the Internet'^[71] and didn't send them to anyone. She also stated that she didn't log in anywhere to see them and denies having the technical knowledge of hacking, specifically saying that she 'in no way be considered a 'hacker' because [she] has no computer skills other than simple user level'.^[72] Her attorney confirmed that Santia and her family are considering a counterclaim against Summit due to defamation of character and continual harassment by the film's producers who kept requesting that she would let them check her computer to see if she still has the images on her hard disk, although she refused more than once claiming that she is innocent and her computer contains personal items. Her attorney called the situation 'a harm to privacy and personal right'.^[72]

Summit's official response to the press conference said, 'First and most important this is NOT about greed or the Studio wanting to bully a woman from a small town in Argentina—rather, it is about stolen material that is private and sensitive which was obtained by illegally accessing private/secure servers as well as personal email accounts.' Summit gave details about the case stating that the studio has been in contact with Santia since May 2011, but 'with no resolution or further good faith efforts on their part, thus the only alternative left was to pursue legal action to ascertain that Ms. Santia no longer holds the images and video in any shape or form'.^[73]In the response, Summit announced the following claims:

Specifically on June 8, 2011, Ms. Santia confessed in the presence of her attorney that she accessed servers and email accounts via a systematic attack—stealing photographs, unfinished images and video footage over several months. Additionally there is indisputable evidence linking her directly to IP addresses that were used in the unauthorized access. Her actions appear to be premeditated and not done on a whim, but rather using technology and tactics that require thought as well as time and skill. Because Ms. Santia decided that she does not want to cooperate, Summit has been unable to settle this matter privately with Ms. Santia and her representatives in Argentina.^[73]

Home media[edit]

According to the entertainment site MovieWeb, the DVD and Blu-ray Disc for Part 1 was made available to purchase on February 11, 2012. Both editions include bonus features such as Bella and Edward's wedding video, fast-forwarding to favorite scenes, audio commentary with director Bill Condon, and a 6-part 'Making Of' documentary.^[74] The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray by Universal Studios.^[75] In North American DVD sales, Part 1 has currently grossed $94,845,346 and has sold more than 5,234,876 units.^[76]

An 'extended version' was released on March 2, 2013; this version features an additional seven minutes of footage, making the film 124 minutes, including eight additional scenes, two missing scenes, and three alternate scenes.^[77]

Reception[edit]

Box office[edit]

The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 grossed $281,287,133 in North America and $430,884,723 in other countries, bringing its worldwide total to $712,171,856.^[2] It earned a franchise-best $291.0 million on its worldwide opening weekend, marking the tenth-largest worldwide opening of all time.^[78][79] It reached $500 million worldwide in 12 days, a record time for the franchise.^[80] It ranks as the fourth-highest-grossing film of 2011 worldwide and the second-highest-grossing film of the franchise.^[81] The film is also currently the fiftieth-highest-grossing film of all time.

North America[edit]

Breaking Dawn – Part 1 (which opened on November 18, 2011 in 4,061 theaters) was projected to reap at least $140 million in its opening weekend.^[82] The film earned $30.25 million in midnight showings, which was the second-highest midnight gross ever, at the time, behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ($43.5 million) as well as the highest midnight gross of the franchise, until it was surpassed by The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn - Part 2's gross of $30.4 million.^[83] On its opening day, the movie topped the box office with $71.6 million (including midnight showings), which is the fifth-highest opening^[84] and single-day^[85] gross of all time.^[86] On its opening weekend, Breaking Dawn – Part 1 claimed first place with $138.1 million, which was the second-highest opening weekend of the film series, at the time, behind New Moon ($142.8 million),^[87] as well as the fourth-highest November opening ever behind The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, New Moon, and Breaking Dawn – Part 2.^[88] It is also the tenth-highest opening weekend of all time.^[89] The movie also had the second-best opening weekend of 2011 in North America behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ($169.2 million).^[90]

It retained first place on its second three-day weekend, declining 70% to $41.9 million, and earned $61.8 million over the five-day Thanksgiving weekend.^[91]Breaking Dawn – Part 1 remained No. 1 for a third weekend, marking the best third-weekend gross for a Twilight film ($16.5 million)^[92] and the second film of 2011 to top the weekend box office three times, along with The Help.^[93] Closing on February 23, 2012, with $281.3 miilion, it is the third-highest-grossing movie of 2011.^[94] It is also the fourth-highest-grossing film in the series, only ahead of the first film ($192.8 million).^[81]

Markets outside North America[edit]

The film earned $8.9 million in its first two days from five markets.^[95][96] By the end of its first weekend, it earned $152.9 million at about 9,950 locations in 54 markets, which was a new franchise high. Its biggest debut was in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Malta with £13,910,877 ($22.0 million), which was a new high for the series. It was also huge in many European and Latin American countries.^[78][97] It remained in first place at the box office outside North America for three consecutive weekends.^[98][99] With $423.8 million, it is the highest-grossing film of the franchise^[100] and the sixth-highest-grossing film of 2011.^[101] Its highest-grossing region after North America is the UK, Ireland, and Malta ($48.8 million), followed by Brazil ($35.0 million) and Germany ($33.1 million).^[102]

Critical response[edit]

Breaking Dawn – Part 1 received generally negative reviews from critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 25% of critics (of the 203 counted reviews) gave the film a positive review with an average rating of 4.36/10, and the site's consensus reads, 'Slow, joyless, and loaded with unintentionally humorous moments, Breaking Dawn Part 1 may satisfy the Twilight faithful, but it's strictly for fans of the franchise.'^[103] The review site Metacritic gave the film a 45 out of 100, based on reviews from 36 critics.^[104] It is the lowest-rated installment in the franchise, which was previously New Moon. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a 'B+' grade, the audience was 80% female and 60% over 21 years old. Among females only the film received an improved 'A-' grade.^[87]

Justin Chang of Variety gave the film a negative review, calling the film 'disappointing'.^[105] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter also gave the film a negative review, calling Part 1 'bloated'.^[106] Brent Simon of Screen International called the film 'soapy and melodramatic'.^[107]Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film one star out of a possible five, and referred to it as the next stage of an 'emo-operetta' that 'sweeps us away on a new riptide of mawkish euphoria'.^[108]Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film two-and-a-half stars, saying that it is filled with a lot of unanswered questions, but calling Stewart's portrayal of Bella 'pretty good'.^[109] The television show Film 2011's Claudia Winkleman gave the film a negative review, calling it 'hilarious'.^[110] Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers said Breaking Dawn – Part 1 is 'the worst Twilight movie yet' and thought Taylor Lautner looked like a 'petulant five-year-old'.^[111] Mary Pols of Time magazine named it one of the Top 10 Worst Movies of 2011, saying 'this entry, which held within it the teasing promise of explosive consummation, instead delivered soap-opera-level dry humping in high-thread-count sheets', and concluded, 'This was the bloodiest of the Twilight movies but somehow the most bloodless.'^[112]

Conversely, Gabriel Chong of 'Movie Exclusive' gave the film four stars out of a possible five, praising the dialogue, wedding and action scenes, and particularly Condon's direction, stating, 'In the hands of a lesser director, the turn of events could very well descend into farce—thankfully then, this movie has found a masterful helmsman in Condon.' He went on to praise Stewart's performance, calling it 'mesmerising' and saying that she 'makes [Bella's] every emotion keenly felt that runs the gamut from joy, trepidation, anxiety, distress and above all quiet and resolute determination.'^[113] Mark Adams of Daily Mirror also gave the film four stars out of five and said, 'The Twilight films manage to cleverly blend melodrama with supernatural thrills, and while the film is not without its silly moments and cringeworthy dialogue it does deliver the drama and emotional highs we have come to expect'. He also praised the wedding, describing it as 'beautifully staged', and Stewart's performance.^[114] Other positive reviewers from The New York Times and Philadelphia Inquirer said the dialogue was improving and the whole movie played out with style, while being faithful to the book and servicing hardcore fans.^[115][116] MSN Entertainment critic Alaina O'Connor gave Condon some praise for bringing 'a certain visual elegance that helps with some of the more-absurd elements of the story.' O'Connor also felt that the film did a good job of 'examining the relationship between Edward and Bella', but felt that the narrative was weak otherwise.^[117] The film was also ranked the tenth best film of 2011 by E!.^[118]Will Brooker, writing for Times Higher Education, makes the case that Breaking Dawn has a feminist element, stating that it 'reverse(s) the embedded cinematic conventions of male voyeur and female-as-spectacle', and that 'the lack of attention to (Bella) as sex object is remarkable.'^[119]

The film also drew both criticism and praise for having what was seen as a pro-life theme. Natalie Wilson, writing for the Ms. magazine blog, described what she saw as the book's 'latent anti-abortion message' as 'problematic from a feminist perspective' and found this element 'heightened, not diminished, in the film', citing scenes in which Rosalie scolds Alice for using the word 'fetus'.^[120] Richard Lawson of The Atlantic said that Bella's pregnancy 'serves as the narrative dais from which Meyer, and in complicity Condon and the screenwriter Melissa Rosenberg, delivers a startlingly direct and uncovered anti-abortion sermon', adding 'it seems there was no escaping the firmly anti-choice themes of this leg of the story, and so we must sit and grumble while sickly Bella is scored by plaintive strings as she chooses the one true moral path'.^[121] Neil Morris of Independent Weekly said that the film 'takes up a radically pro-life mantle when Bella refuses to abort her baby, even though her life may depend on it'.^[122] Sandie Angulo Chen of Moviefone described the 'bulk' of the film as 'one long pro-life debate', in which 'Bella says it's her body, her choice (terms usually used in the pro-choice movement), but her decision is pro-life to the extreme, because the baby can and will kill her'.^[123] In contrast, John Mulderig of the Catholic News Service praised the 'strongly pro-life message being conveyed via Bella's unusual plight', saying it 'presents a welcome counterpoint to the all-too-frequent motif in popular entertainment whereby pregnancy is presented as a form of disease or an almost unbearable curse'.^[124]

In an interview with Screen Rant, screenwriter Rosenberg addressed the perception of a pro-life message in the film, stating, 'If I could not find my way into it that didn't violate my beliefs (because I am extremely pro-choice very outspoken about it, very much a feminist) I would not have written this move [sic]. They could have offered me the bank and I still wouldn't have. In order to embrace it I had to find a way to deal with it. I also had no interest in violating Stephenie's belief system or anyone on the other side'.^[125]

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On February 25, Breaking Dawn – Part 1 was nominated for eight Razzie Awards, including: Worst Picture; Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-Off or Sequel; Worst Screen Ensemble; Worst Director (for Bill Condon); Worst Screenplay; Worst Actor (for Taylor Lautner), and Worst Actress (for Kristen Stewart). The Worst Screen Couple award for Kristen Stewart with either Taylor Lautner or Robert Pattinson was also included. The film lost all categories to Jack and Jill.^[126]

Health issues[edit]

A week following the film's release, incidents began occurring of the birthing scene having triggered epileptic seizures in moviegoers. The visual effects during the scene involves several pulsating red, white, and black flashing lights, which creates an effect similar to a strobe light. Reports of such photosensitive seizures have been reported in Sacramento, California, and Salt Lake City, Utah. The incidents have become more widespread as news of the incidents began to flood several news sites, making people aware that health issues that attendees were experiencing might have been caused by the scene.^[127][128] Famed comic book artist Jim Leetweeted that he and his family had to leave a screening of the film after 'our 11 year old son literally threw up during the birthing scene.'^[129] The people who have experienced seizures during the film are reportedly 'perfectly healthy people'.^[130]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

• Official website
• The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 on IMDb
• The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 at Box Office Mojo
• The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1 at Rotten Tomatoes